OF  THE 
UNIVERSITY 


RESULTS 


GIFT 

OF  THE  MAY  29  1930 


METEOROLOGICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


MADE    AT    THE 


BLUE  HILL  METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATORY, 


MASSACHUSETTS,   U.  S.  A., 

6) 


THE     YEAR     1886: 


UNDER    THE    DIRECTION    OF 


ROTCH,     S.    B. 


BOSTON : 

ALFRED     MUDGE    &     SON,     PRINTKKS, 

No.    24    FRANKLIN    STHEKT. 

1887. 


SUNSHINE   RECORDS 


FOR    DESCFll  PTIOM    OF  INSTRUMENTS    SEE  FWO-E.  VIII. 
"  »  "       PHENOMENA  -" 


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JORDAN . 


RESULTS 


OF   THE 


METEOROLOGICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


MADE    AT    THE 


BLUE  HILL  METEOROLOGICAL  OBSERVATORY, 

W  . 

MASSACHUSETTS,   U.  S.  A., 


THE    YEAR    1886 


UNDER   THE    DIRECTION   OF 


LAWRENCE     ROTCH,     8.    B 


BOSTON : 

ALFRED    MUDGE    &     SON,     PRINTERS, 

No.    24    FRANKLIN    STREET. 

1  887. 


ERRATA    AND    ADDENDA 


TO    THE 


BLUB  HILL  OBSERVATIONS   FOR  1886. 


Page  viii.  —  To  the  description  of  the  Sunshine  Recorders,  add  :  "  Records  of  both 
the  instruments  are  given  in  the  Frontispiece." 

Pages  3  to  7. —  Supply  the  following  omitted  dates  on  which  western  mountains 
were  visible :  — 

Nobscot :  March  22,  June  22,  August  4,  November  22.  Wachusett :  Decem- 
ber 28.  Monadnock  :  July  12. 

Page  3  ;  April  7.  —  Amount  of  sunshine,  read  Oh.  6m.,  instead  0  h.  0  m. 

Page  3  ;  April  7.  —  Per  cent  of  sunshine,  read  01,  instead  00. 

Pages  3  and  8.  —  Duration  of  bright  sunshine  for  April,  read  177  h.  25  m., 
instead  177  h.  19  m. 

Page  8.  —  Duration  of  bright  sunshine  for  year,  read  2,098  h.  19  m.,  instead 
2,098  h.  13  m. 

Pages  16  to  27. — The  total  wind  movements  for  each  day  are  not  always  the 
exact  sums  of  the  hourly  movements,  as  they  were  otherwise  obtained. 

Page  18.  — Mean  wind  movement  for  March,  3-4  p.  M.,  read  25.4,  instead  2.54. 

Page  31.  —  Sum  for  last  eight  days  of  February,  at  2  p.  M.,  read  232.400,  instead 
332.400. 

Page  32.  —  Monthly  sum  for  March,  at  10  p.  M.,  read  904.303,  instead  304.303. 

Page  39. — In  the  sums  for  the  last  eleven  days  of  October,  from  5  A.  M.  to  11 
p.  M.,  inclusive,  the  three  left-hand  figures  of  each  column  read  323,  instead  393  or  293. 

Page  44.  —  In  the  description  of  the  phenomena  of  April  7,  insert:  "For  the 
automatic  sunshine  record,  see  the  Frontispiece  to  this  volume." 

Page  45.  —  To  the  mention  of  the  humidity  record  of  November  4,  add:  "The 
record  of  this  day's  sunshine  is  shown  in  the  Frontispiece." 


CONTENTS. 


INTRODUCTION    TO   THE   BLUE   HILL   OBSERVATIONS. 

AN   ACCOUNT   OF   THE   OBSERVATORY.  PAGK 

ITS  HISTORY  AND  PERSONNEL.     ...............  v 

ITS  LOCATION  AND  DESCRIPTION          ..............  v 

ITS  AUXILIARY  STATIONS   ................  v 

THE  INSTRUMENTS  AT  THE  OBSERVATORY. 

ItKMARKS    CONCERNING    THE    SELF-RECORDING     INSTRUMENTS                                ,  '                         ......  vi 

BAROMKTERS       ..................  vi 

THEBKOMETEBS  AND   HYOBOUKTBBS     ..............  vi 

ANEMOSCOPE  AND  ANEMOMETERS         ..............  vii 

RAIN  AND  SNOW  GAUGES  ................  vii 

SUNSHINE  AND  CLOUD  INSTRUMENTS    ............'..  viii 

THE    REDUCTION   OF   THE   OBSERVATIONS. 

GENERAL  RESULTS      .................  viii 

HOURLY  VALUES  FROM  THE  SELF-RECORDING  INSTRUMENTS  ..........  ix 

RESULTS   OE   THE   OBSERVATIONS. 

GENERAL  RESULTS  OF  THE  OBSERVATIONS  .............  2-8 

NUMBER  OF  HOURS  OF  PREVALENCE  OF  EACH  WIND  ...........  10-13 

HOURLY  MEASURES  OF  THE  HORIZONTAL  MOVEMENT  OF  THE  WIND    ........  16-28 

HOURLY  VALUES  OP  THE  ATMOSPHERIC  PRESSURE        ...........  30-42 

TRACINGS  FROM  THE   SELF-RECORDING  INSTRUMENTS  TO  ILLUSTRATE  CERTAIN  PHENOMENA. 

DESCRIPTIVE  TEXT     .................  44,  45 

PLATES,  Nos.  1  TO  9. 


INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  BLUE  HILL  OBSERVATIONS, 


AN  ACCOUNT  OF  THE  OBSERVATORY. 

Its  History  and  Personnel.  —  The  Blue  Hill  Meteorological  Observatory  was  established  as  a  private 
observatory  by  the  undersigned  in  1885,  and  is  now  one  of  the  best  equipped  meteorological  stations  in  the 
United  States.  Tri-daily  observations  were  commenced  Feb.,1,  1885,  and  have  since  been  regularly  made  at  the 
hours  of  7  A.  M.,  3  and  11  p.  M.,  seventy -fifth  meridian  time,  adopted  by  the  United  States  Signal  Service. 
Monthly  summaries  of  these  observations  have  been  sent  to  the  New  England  Meteorological  Society  for 
publication  in  its  Bulletin,  to  the  Signal  Service  for  its  Weather  Review,  and  to  persons  interested.  A  summary 
of  the  observations  for  the  year  ending  Jan.  31, 1886,  together  with  a  summary  of  the  corresponding  observations 
made  at  the  Boston  Signal  Service  station,  ten  and  one  half  miles  north  of  and  five  hundred  and  fifteen  feet  below 
the  observatory,  was  printed  and  distributed.  Besides  the  regular  meteorological  observations,  considerable 
experimental  work  has  been  done,  notably  in  weather  predictions.  Details  of  this  work  may  be  found  in  a 
pamphlet  by  the  undersigned,  printed  not  published,  entitled  An  Account  of  the  Foundation  and  Work  of  the 
Blue  Hill  Meteorological  Observatory. 

The  current  expenses  of  the  observatory,  amounting  to  about  $2,500  a  year,  are  paid  by  the  undersigned, 
who  directs  the  work.  Mr.  Willard  P.  Gerrish  was  the  observer  during  the  first  year,  and  since  that  time  the 
position  has  been  filled  by  Mr.  H.  Helm  Clayton.  Frank  Brown  has  acted  as  steward  from  the  opening  of 
the  observatory. 

Its  Location  and  Description.  —  Great  Blue  Hill,  upon  whose  summit  the  observatory  stands,  is  situated 
in  Norfolk  County,  Massachusetts,  partly  in  the  town  of  Milton  and  partly  in  that  of  Canton.  The  elevation 
above  sea  level  is  about  nix  hundred  and  thirty-five  feet,  and  it  is  thus  not  only  the  highest  land  in  eastern 
Massachusetts,  but  is  also  the  highest  point  within  ten  miles  of  the  Atlantic  coast  from  Maine  to  Florida.  Great 
Blue  Hill  exceeds  the  other  summits  of  the  Blue  Hill  range  by  more  than  one  hundred  feet,  and  the  surrounding 
country  being  low,  its  exposure  is  free  in  all  directions,  which  renders  it  admirable  as  a  site  for  a  meteorological 
station,  uninfluenced  by  the  causes  which  affect  the  records  of  most  of  the  Government  Signal  Stations.  A  road 
nearly  a  mile  long,  and  practicable  for  carriages,  has  been  built  up  the  hill,  and  a  telephone  line  connects  the 
observatory  with  Boston.  The  position  of  the  observatory  is  fixed  by  a  brass  plate  on  the  lower  floor  of  the 
tower.  This  marks  the  supposed  site,  2.2  feet  below  the  plate,  of  the  copper  bolt  set  by  Simeon  Borden,  about 
1834,  for  the  Massachusetts  Trigonometrical  Survey,  in  latitude  42°  12' 44"  N.,  longitude  71°  6' 53"  W.,  and 
(535.05  feet  above  mean  tide.  The  bolt  set  by  the  United  States  Coast  and  Geodetic  Survey,  in  1844,  is  27.35 
feet  N.  11°  16'  E.  of  the  supposed  site  of  the  Borden  bolt. 

The  observatory  itself  is  a  two-story  circular  tower,  twelve  feet  in  diameter  inside  and  twenty-five  feet 
high,  built  of  the  broken  stone  found  on  the  hill.  This  contains  some  of  the  instruments,  others  being  exposed 
above  its  fiat  roof  which  is  surrounded  by  a  parapet.  Extending  southward  from  the  tower  is  a  one-story  hip- 
roof house  with  two  bedrooms,  a  dining-room  and  kitchen.  This  is  also  built  of  stone,  but  has  a  wooden  shed 
attached.  In  the  construction  of  the  building  every  precaution  was  taken  to  insure  solidity,  the  walls  being 
twenty  inches  thick  and  the  roof  securely  anchored  to  them.  It  has,  however,  been  found  impossible  to  make 
the  walls  impervious  to  rain  which  is  driven  by  the  high  wind  through  the  minute  cracks  which  the  stone  must 
contain,  and  several  coats  of  marine  varnish  have  not  rendered  it  water-proof.  A  large  stove  in  the  lower  room 
of  the  tower  heats  the  upper  room  through  a  register,  and  by  its  flue  and  that  of  the  kitchen  range  also  warms  the 
other  rooms.  In  the  cellar  is  a  wooden  tank  which  collects  the  rain  falling  upon  the  roof.  A  safe  built  into  the 
chimney  protects  the  records  and  charts  from  fire.  The  cost  of  the  building,  designed  by  Messrs.  Rotch  and 
Tilden,  was  about  $3,500. 

Its  Auxiliary  Stations.  — A  station  was  established  July  1,  188(5,  at  the  foot  of  the  hill,  four  hundred  and 
forty  feet  below  the  observatory  and  three  quarters  of  a  mile  northwest  of  it,  which  is  visited  daily.  It  is  provided 
with  maximum  and  minimum  thermometers  and  a  Draper  thermograph  exposed  in  a  Hazen  shelter,  and  with  a 
rain  gauge  similar  to  that  on  the  hill.  Some  curious  variations  of  temperature  and  precipitation  between  the  two 
stations  have  been  noted,  but  enough  data  has  not  yet  been  accumulated  for  publication.  Another  station  in 
Milton  and  one  in  the  neighboring  town  of  Randolph  send  monthly  records  of  temperature  and  precipitation  to 
the  observatory,  which  receives  reports  of  the  synchronous  observations  made  at  the  Boston  Signal  Service 
station. 

'  (V) 


THE    INSTRUMENTS    AT   THE   OBSERVATORY. 

Remarks  concerning  the  Self-Recording  Instruments. — A  feature  of  the  instruments  is  their  automatic 
record,  the  "eye"  observations  of  the  standard  instruments  serving  only  as  a  control  upon  the  registration. 
With  the  exception  of  the  force  of  the  wind,  the  species  of  clouds  and  their  direction  of  motion,  all  the  elements 
observed  are  recorded  continuously.  So  far  as  possible,  the  principle  of  having  duplicate  instruments  for  use  in 
case  of  accident  is  applied.  The  register  sheets  of  all  the  instruments  are  changed  daily  at  11  p.  M.,  at  which 
hour  the  meteorological  day  ends. 

Barometers.  —  The  barometers  are  kept  in  a  glass  case  in  the  lower  room  of  the  tower,  where  the  tem- 
perature is  most  uniform,  though  a  considerable  range  of  temperature  necessarily  occurs  in  winter  between  the 
day  and  the  night.  The  barometer  cisterns  are  six  hundred  and  forty  feet  above  mean  tide. 

The  standard  since  November,  1885,  is  Hicks,  No.  818.  This  barometer  is  constructed  on  the  Fortln 
system,  has  a  tube  about  0.5  inch  in  diameter,  and  is  read  by  a  vernier  directly  to  0.002  inch.  The  instrumental 
correction,  as  determined  atKew  Observatory,  in  October,  1885,  is  +0.009  inch,  including  capillary  action.  As 
compared  indirectly  with  the  Signal  Service  standards  at  Washington,  in  February,  1886,  its  corrected  readings 
are  0.015  inch  too  low.  A  Green  barometer,  No.  2,677,  of  the  Signal  Service  pattern,  reading  also  to  0.002 
inch,  is  kept  as  a  reserve  instrument.  It  was  formerly  used  as  the  standard,  its  readings  being  0.017  inch  lower 
than  the  assumed  Kcw  standard  now  adopted  by  the  observatory. 

A  Draper  self-recording  mercurial  barometer,  in  a  glass  case  near  the  other  barometers,  has  given  an 
almost  continuous  record  since  May,  1885.  The  principle  of  this  instrument,  which  was  constructed  by  Black 
arid  Pfister,  of  New  York,  is  as  follows :  A  glass  tube  thirty-six  inches  long,  with  the  upper  portion  of  larger 
diameter  than  the  lower,  is  held  firmly  in  a  vertical  position,  and  filled  in  the  usual  manner  with  quicksilver;  its 
lower  or  open  end  dips  into  a  tube  or  reservoir  containing  the  same  metal.  This  reservoir  is  suspended  on  two 
spiral  steel  springs,  and  has  freedom  of  motion  up  and  down.  When  the  pressure  of  the  atmosphere  diminishes, 
a  portion  of  the  mercury  flows  out  of  the  tube  into  the  reservoir ;  this,  becoming  heavier,  stretches  the  steel 
springs,  causing  the  ink  pencil  fastened  to  them  to  mark  downwards.  If  the  pressure  increases,  the  reverse 
movement  takes  place.  The  ink  pencil  makes  its  mark  on  a  ruled  paper  register,  carried  at  the  rate  of  half  an 
inch  per  hour  from  right  to  left  by  a  clock.  The  movement  of  the  pencil  on  the  register  can  be  magnified  to 
any  extent  by  increasing  the  length  of  the  spiral  springs ;  in  this  instrument  it  multiplies  three  times.  The  ink 
pencils  used  in  the  Draper  instruments  are  tubes  of  glass  filled  with  red  ink,  which  touch  lightly  against  the 
paper  register ;  the  advantage  of  these  over  lead  pencils  is  that  little  or  no  pressure  is  required.  This  barograph 
gives  the  correction  for  temperature,  or  reduction  to  32°,  from  the  fact  that  it  weighs  the  column  of  mercury 
instead  of  measuring  its  length,  which  is  affected  by  heat.  There  is  a  slight  temperature  error  caused  by  the 
unequal  bore  of  the  tube  and  by  the  expansion  of  the  steel  springs,  but  this  is  very  small.  Since  July,  1885,  the 
record  has  been  checked  by  daily  comparisons  with  the  standard  barometer,  and  the  barograph  is  now  so  well 
regulated  that  the  average  correction  is  only  0.01  inch.  Tracings  of  the  barograph,  somewhat  reduced  in  size, 
are  shown  in  Plates  Nos.  1  and  1  A,  at  the  end  of  this  volume. 

An  aneroid  barograph,  made  by  Richard  Brothers,  of  Paris,  is  kept  as  a  reserve  instrument.  It  consists 
of  eight  small  aneroid  boxes  placed  one  above  the  other,  which,  by  means  of  a  pen  on  the  end  of  a  lever,  register 
the  variations  of  atmospheric  pressure  upon  a  paper-covered  drum,  which  is  revolved  by  clockwork  inside. 
Unlike  the  Richard  instruments  in  general,  the  drums  of  those  constructed  for  this  observatory  revolve  once  a 
day  instead  of  once  a  week,  thereby  making  the  time  scale  much  larger.  For  an  aneroid  barometer  this  is 
remarkably  accurate. 

Thermometers  and  Hygrometers.  — These  are  exposed  in  a  wooden  louvre  shelter  built  from  a  north  window 
of  the  tower,  fifteen  feet  above  the  ground.  In  its  construction  special  pains  were  taken  to  secure  ventilation  by 
making  the  roof  double  and  setting  the  shelter  six  inches  out  from  the  wall,  and  to  cut  off  radiation  from  inside 
the  tower  by  having  double  windows.  Comparisons  have  been  made  between  this  shelter  and  an  isolated  one 
built  according  to  Prof.  H.  A.  Hazen's  specifications,  now  adopted  by  the  Signal  Service  as  the  standard.  Except 
during  rapid  changes  of  temperature,  when  the  wall  shelter  was  somewhat  sluggish,  the  error  of  the  latter  was 
less  than  -(-0.5°.  For  convenience  the  window  shelter  is  employed. 

The  observatory  standard  thermometers  are  Hicks,  No.  252,161,  verified  at  Kew,  and  Baudin,  No.  10,682. 
The  working  standards  are  H.  J.  Green  wet  and  dry  bulb  and  maximum  and  minimum  thermometers.  These 
have  been  frequently  compared  with  the  standard  instruments,  and  the  resulting  corrections  applied. 

A  Richard  thermograph  has  been  in  use  since  April,  1886.  This  instrument  has  a  curved  brass  tube  filled 
with  alcohol,  which  straightens  by  the  expansion  of  the  alcohol  when  the  temperature  rises,  and  recurves  again 
when  the  temperature  falls  and  the  alcohol  contracts.  The  motion  of  the  tube  is  registered  on  a  drum  by  means 
of  a  pen  on  a  lever.  The  error  of  the  thermograph,  ascertained  several  times  daily  by  comparison  with  the 
standard  thermometer,  is  not  more  than  0.5°,  except  for  the  maximum  and  minimum  temperatures  which  are 
obtained  from  the  maximum  and  minimum  thermometers,  and  their  hours  of  occurrence  only  from  the  thermograph. 
In  cold  weather  a  Koppe  hair  hygrometer,  made  by  Hottinger,  of  Zurich,  has  been  used  to  determine  the 
relative  humidity  and  the  dew  point.  In  winter  the  mean  relative  humidity  given  by  the  hair  hygrometer  is 
about  six  per  cent  lower  than  that  calculated  from  the  readings  of  the  wet  and  dry  bulb  thermometers,  which  are 

(VI) 


known  to  give  erroneous  results  ;it  low  temperatures.  In  summer  the  mean  relative  humidity  obtained  by  the 
two  methods  agrees  within  one  per  cent.  An  Alluard  condensation  dew  point  apparatus  is  occasionally  used  as 
a  check  upon  the  other  instruments. 

A  Richard  registering  hygrometer  has  been  in  use  since  April,  188(i,  and  has  given  satisfactory  results  for 
such  an  instrument,  its  error  relative  to  the  hair  hygrometer  or  psychromcter  being  noted  several  times  daily. 
The  hygrometric  material  employed  is  a  thin  strip  of  horn,  whose  alteration  in  length  with  variations  of  moisture 
is  registered,  as  in  the  thermograph,  upon  a  drum,  which  revolves  once  a  day,  giving  a  time  scale  of  three  tenths 
of  an  inch  per  hour.  Sheets  from  these  instruments  are  shown  in  Plates  Nos.  2  to  5,  slightly  reduced  in  size. 

Anemoscope  and  Anemometers. — The  instruments  for  measuring  the  direction,  velocity,  and  force  of  the 
wind  are  exposed  about  ten  feet  above  the  roof  of  the  tower  and  thirty-five  feet  above  the  ground. 

A  Draper  recording  anemoscope  and  anemometer,  made  by  Black  and  Pfister,  have  given  almost 
continuous  records  since  March,  1885,  with  the  exception  of  short  periods  when  repairs  were  necessary.  The 
anemoscope  is  constructed  as  follows :  From  the  wind  vane  a  vertical  shaft  descends  into  the  tower.  The  lower 
end  of  the  shaft  carries  a  brass  cylinder  covered  with  paper  to  receive  the  record  of  the  oscillations  of  the  wind. 
An  ink  pencil,  bearing  lightly  against  the  paper,  descends  from  the  top  to  the  bottom  of  the  cylinder  in  the 
course  of  twenty-four  hours,  its  movement  being  regulated  by  a  clock.  When  the  wind  shifts,  the  paper  register, 
therefore,  correspondingly  turns  and  the  pencil  makes  a  trace  of  the  movement ;  if  there  is  a  calm,  the  pencil 
makes  a  straight  line  downward,  a  gentle  breeze  being  sufficient  to  cause  the  cylinder  to  oscillate  on  each  side  of 
its  mean  direction.  On  the  sheet  of  paper  are  printed  the  eight  points  of  the  compass  and  the  hours,  the  trace 
thus  showing  the  direction  and  all  the  variations  of  the  wind,  with  the  times  of  their  occurrence.  A  reduced 
copy  of  the  anemoscope  sheet,  after  removal  from  the  cylinder,  is  given  in  Plate  No.  7. 

The  principle  of  the  Draper  anemometer  is  this  :  On  the  ends  of  a  cross  supported  by  a  vertical  shaft  are 
four  hemispherical  cups,  which,  by  the  action  of  the  wind,  are  caused  to  revolve  with  a  speed,  as  determined  by 
Dr.  Robinson,  of  about  one  third  the  velocity  of  the  wind.  On  the  lower  end  of  the  shaft,  thus  made  to  revolve 
by  the  cups,  is  an  endless  screw  connecting  with  a  train  of  wheels  which  move  a  cam.  This  is  so  arranged  that 
one  turn  of  the  cam  corresponds  to  twenty  miles  movement  of  the  wind.  An  ink  pencil,  Avhich  rests  on  the  edge 
of  the  cam  aixd  slides  in  vertical  guides,  is  carried  by  each  revolution  of  the  cam  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  a 
sheet  of  paper,  which  is  drawn  aside  by  a  clock  at  the  rate  of  half  an  inch  per  hour.  Th(5  number  of  times  that 
the  pencil  moves  from  the  bottom  to  the  top  of  the  paper,  multiplied  by  twenty,  gives  the  number  of  miles  that 
the  wind  has  travelled  in  an  hour  or  day.  A  reduced  copy  of  the  anemometer  sheet  is  shown  in  Plate  No.  6. 

A  smaller  Robinson  anemometer  records  electrically  by  the  Gibbon  self-register  each  mile  travelled  by 
the  wind.  This  apparatus,  which  is  that  made  for  the  Signal  Service  by  the  Hahl  Manufacturing  Company,  of 
Baltimore,  has  been  used  during  1886.  On  account  of  the  open  time  scale  of  the  register  (two  inches  per  hour), 
it  serves  to  show  the  velocity  of  brief  gusts  of  wind  better  than  does  the  Draper  anemometer,  and  is  also  available 
to  supply  breaks  in  the  latter  record. 

The  average  movements  recorded  by  the  Draper  and  Signal  Service  anemometers  differ  by  less  than  one 
per  cent.  The  latter  instrument,  in  a  series  of  tests,  gave  about  five  per  cent  lower  velocities  than  did  a  Hicks 
portable  anemometer,  whose  dial  was  graduated  at  Kew  Observatory  by  comparison  with  the  standard 
anemometer. 

A  wind  pressure  gauge,  constructed  from  the  writer's  designs  by  the  Crosby  Steam  Gauge  Company,  of 
Boston,  has  been  in  use  during  1886.  A  vane  keeps  a  disk  with  a  square  foot  of  surface  normal  to  the  wind, 
whose  pressure  stretches  a  spring  in  the  tail  of  the  vane  and  leaves  an  index  at  the  maximum  pressure  in  pounds, 
to  which  it  has  been  subjected.  After  the  pressure  has  been  converted  into  velocity  by  the  formula  v  =  \Oi.. 
where  v  is  the  velocity  in  miles  per  hour,  and  p  is  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  foot,  the  velocity  thus 
obtained  agrees  closely  with  the  maximum  velocity  foi  a  period  of  five  minutes,  as  registered  by  the  Signal 
Service  anemometer.  The  extreme  velocity  of  the  gusts  would  naturally  be  expected  to  exceed  the  mean  velocity 
for  five  minutes,  and  this  is  generally  found  to  be  the  case.  The  agreement  is  closest  at  moderate  velocities,  but 
whether  this  is  owing  to  the  inertia  of  the  pressure  plate  causing  it  to  be  sluggish  with  light  winds,  or  whether 
the  velocity  of  the  gusts  exceeds  in  a  greater  ratio  the  mean  velocity  during  high  winds  than  during  low  winds, 
has  not  been  determined. 

Rain  and  Snow  Gauges.  —  Three  of  these  have  been  used  during  1886.  They  are  placed  near  one 
another  in  a  freely  exposed  position,  one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  northeast  of  the  observatory,  with  their  rims 
within  two  feet  of  the  ground. 

The  standard  rain  gauge  is  a  copper  cylinder,  fourteen  inches  deep,  with  a  turned  brass  rim  eight  inches 
in  diameter.  The  rain  is  measured  with  a  stick  in  a  tube  having  one  tenth  the  area  of  the  receiver.  This  is  the 
gauge  recommended  by  the  New  England  Meteorological  Society.  To  ascertain  the  rainfall  during  a  storm 
without  emptying  the  gauge,  it  is  weighed  upon  a  spring  balance  compensated  for  the  weight  of  the  empty  gauge 
and  graduated  to  indicate  0.02  inch. 

The  standard  snow  gauge  has  an  aperture  similar  to  the  rain  gauge.  The  receiver  is  sixteen  inches  deep, 
and  is  enlarged  below  to  keep  the  snow  from  blowing  out,  this  plan  having  been  tried  in  Europe.  The  gauge, 
with  the  unmelted  snow,  is  weighed  upon  the  spring  balance,  which  is  compensated  as  before  for  the  weight  of 

(VII) 


this  empty  gauge.     This  method  obviates  loss  by  evaporation  in  melting  the  snow  for  measurement,  and  enables 
the  snowfall  to  be  quickly  ascertained. 

The  self-recording  rain  and  snow  gauge  constructed  after  the  writer's  design,  by  Richard  Brothers  of  Paris, 
has  been  in  use  since  March,  1886.  The  receiver  in  this  gauge  rests  upon  a  platform  balance,  and  when  rain 
falls  its  weight  causes  the  balance  to  record  the  amount  and  time  of  occurrence  of  the  rain  upon  a  revolving  drum, 
as  in  the  other  Richard  instruments.  Tracings  of  this  gauge,  slightly  reduced  in  size,  are  shown  in  Plates  Nos. 
8  and  9.  To  adapt  it  to  snow  another  receiver  is  used,  which  is  deeper,  with  an  inner  shield  to  prevent  clogging 
by  sleet.  The  author  believes  this  to  be  the  first  successful  attempt  to  record  snow  automatically  without  first 
melting  it.  The  records  of  the  registering  gauge  agree  fairly  well  with  those  of  the  standard  with  which  they  are 
compared.  The  former  gauge  has  been  surrounded  by  a  flaring  wire  screen  on  the  Nipher  system  to  protect  it 
from  the  wind,  and  more  snow  has  thereby  been  caught  in  windy  weather  than  before. 

Sunshine  and  Cloud  Instruments. —  The  sunshine  recorders  are  placed  on  the  south  parapet  of  the  tower, 
with  no  obstructions  to  affect  their  records.  A  level  stand  in  the  centre  of  the  tower  roof  with  a  meridian 
reference  line  serves  as  a  base  for  the  cloud  mirror. 

A  Campbell-Stokes  sunshine  recorder,  which  has  been  in  opei-ation  during  1886,  is  the  standard  instrument 
in  Europe  for  registering  sunshine,  but  it  is  believed  that  there  are  none  used  in  the  United  States.  It  consists 
of  a  glass  ball  held  in  a  concentric  frame  at  the  distance  of  the  focal  radius  from  the  centre  of  the  ball.  This 
frame  holds  a  strip  of  cardboard  which  is  charred  whenever  the  sun  shines  brightly,  and  by  the  apparent  motion 
of  the  sun  the  hours  into  which  the  cardboard  is  divided  are  successively  traversed  by  its  image.  The  strip 
is  adjusted  in  the  frame  to  give  approximately  the  standard  time  of  the  seventy-fifth  meridian. 

A  Jordan  sunshine  recorder,  made  by  Negretti  and  /ambra  of  London,  has  also  been  in  use  the  past  year. 
A  brass  cylinder,  with  its  axis  parallel  to  the  earth's  axis,  has  in  its  opposite  sides  two  holes  through  which 
the  sun  shines  upon  sensitized  paper,  and  the  traces  thus  made  are  rendered  permanent  by  immersing  the  paper 
in  water.  This  generally  records  more  sunshine  than  does  the  burning  instrument,  whoso  action  is  stopped  when 
the  sun  is  partly  obscured  by  cirrus  clouds  or  light  haze. 

A  cloud  mirror  for  the  measurement  of  the  azimuth  and  altitude  of  clouds  has  been  used  by  Mr.  Clayton. 
Frequent  measurements,  in  degrees  of  azimuth,  of  the  direction  of  motion  of  the  clouds,  particularly  those  of  the 
cirrus  type,  have  been  made  but  are  not  ready  for  publication.  The  altitude  of  the  clouds  is  obtained  by  first 
calculating  their  velocity  of  motion  by  noting  the  time  which  their  shadows  require  to  traverse  known  distances 
on  the  plain  below.  Only  clouds  of  the  stratus  and  cumulus  types  give  shadows  which  can  thus  .be  used.  The 
velocity  of  a  cloud  being  known,  two  angular  measurements  of  its  altitude,  at  a  definite  interval  of  time  apart, 
enable  its  height  to  be  calculated. 

THE  REDUCTION  OF  THE  OBSERVATIONS. 

General  Results.  —  The  daily  results  refer  to  the  twenty-four  hours  ending  at  11  r.  M.  The  figures  in  the 
first  four  columns  following  the  date,  pages  2  to  7,  are  the  daily  means  obtained  from  observations  at  7  A.  M.,  3 
and  11  P.  M.,  seventy-fifth  meridian  time,  according  to  the  practice  of  the  Signal  Service.  Until  April,  eye 
observations  were  taken  at  these  hours ;  after  that,  the  data  for  7  A.  M.  and  3  ]•.  M.  were  generally  obtained  from 
the  sheets  of  the  self-recording  instruments,  controlled  by  eye  observations  of  the  standard  instruments  made; 
at  least  twice  a  day. 

All  temperatures  are  expressed  in  Fahrenheit  degrees. 

The  table  used  for  the  reduction  of  the  barometer  to  32°  ta  that  computed  from  Schumacher's  formula, 
and  contained  in  the  Instructions  for  Voluntary  Observers  of  the  Signal  Service.  The  reduction  to  sea  level 
from  a  height  of  six  hundred  and  forty  feet  is  effected  by  a  table  calculated  from  Laplace's  formula,  in  which  the 
arguments  are  the  temperature  of  the  external  air  and  the  height  of  the  barometer  corrected  to  32°.  The  cor- 
rection to  reduce  to  the  standard  gravity  of  latitude  45°,  is — 0.007  inch,  which  is  the  constant  employed  by 
the  Boston  Signal  Office.  The  barometer  reduced  to  sea  level  and  standard  gravity  is  only  used  in  the  monthly 
and  annual  means  and  extremes.  The  actual  barometer  is  also  given  in  the  means. 

The  dew  point  and  relative  humidity  are  calculated  from  the  readings  of  the  wet  and  dry  bulb  ther- 
mometers, by  means  of  the  table,  computed  for  a  barometric  pressure  of  thirty  inches,  contained  in  the  above 
Instructions;  or  inversely,  the  dew  point  is  calculated  from  the  relative  humidity,  when  such  is  obtained  from 
the  hygrometer. 

The  hours  of  actual  sunshine  are  got  from  the  Campbell-Stokes  instrument,  and  the  daily  percentage  of 
possible  sunshine  is  determined  from  the  average  possible  duration  of  sunshine  in  latitude  42°,  which  is  given  for 
each  month  in  Jelinek's  Anleitmvj  zur  Ausfiihrun</  Meleorologisclter  I3eobachtti>i(/en,  revised  by  Dr.  Ilann.  From 
the  number  of  hours  thus  found,  thirty  minutes  are  subtracted  daily  to  allow  for  the  time  when  the  sun,  on 
account  of  its  proximity  to  the  horizon,  does  not  affect  the  register. 

The  mean  cloudiness  for  the  first  three  months  was  obtained  from  tri-daily  eye  observations.  After  March 
it  is  assumed  to  be  the  complement  of  the  percentage  of  bright  sunshine,  the  cloudiness  thus  got  having  been 
found  here  and  elsewhere  to  be  about  four  percent  less  than  that  obtained  from  eye  observations.  In  the  Annual 
Summary,  page  8,  the  mean  cloudiness  has  been  obtained  from  the  sunshine  for  all  the  months. 

(VIII) 


The  transparency  of  the  air  from  March  to  December,  inclusive,  is  indicated  by  the  record  of  visibility  of 
distant  mountains,  which  subtend  about  the  same  visual  angle  as  seen  from  Blue  Hill,  the  highest  mountains 
being  the  most  distant.  The  height  above  the  sea  of  Nobscot  is  002  feet ;  Wachusett,  2,018  feet ;  and  Monad- 
nock,  3,170  feet ;  their  distances  from  Blue  Hill  being  as  stated  in  the  records. 

The  prevailing  direction  of  the  wind  and  its  daily  movement  are  omitted  from*  these  tables,  because  they 
appear  in  the  Hourly  Values,  pages  10  to  28.  In  the  Annual  Summary,  page  8,  the  table  of  monthly  means  and 
totals  is  compiled  from  the  preceding  monthly  sums  and  means.  The  figures  for  sunshine  and  precipitation,  and 
the  number  of  days  with  precipitation  which  are  given  as  yearly  means,  are,  strictly  speaking,  the  monthly  aver- 
ages of  these  elements  for  the  year.  In  the  table  of  monthly  extremes,  the  first  three  columns  should  be 
headed  "Barometer  Reduced  to  32°,  Sea  Level  and  Standard  Gravity,"  instead  of  "Pressure,"  etc.,  as  printed. 

Hourly  Values  Jrom  the  Self-Recording  Instruments,  —  The  tabulation  of  all  the  sheets  from  these  instru- 
ments has  been  done  by  Mr.  Clayton,  so  that  the  personal  equation  introduced  is  nearly  constant.  The  figures 
in  the  tables  have  been  added  by  the  arithmometer  of  Thomas  de  Colmar.  The  maximum  values  are  indicated 
in  the  sums  and  means  of  the  pressure  and  wind  velocity,  and  in  the  annual  summary  of  the  wind  direction,  by 
heavy-faced  type,  and  the  minimum  values  by  light-faced  type.  The  ten-day  means  of  pressure  and  wind  velocity 
can  be  easily  obtained  from  the  ten-day  sums  by  moving  the  decimal  point. 

The  hours  of  prevalence  of  each  wind,  pages  10  to  13,  need  no  special  explanation.  The  anemoscope  from 
which  the  data  are  derived  gave  a  continuous  record  during  the  year  except  on  Jan.  30,  when  the  action  of  the  vane 
was  impeded  by  ice,  and  on  thirty-two  hours  distributed  through  the  year,  when  the  direction  of  the  wind  was 
otherwise  obtained.  Only  two  hours  of  calm  are  given,  but  the  record  of  the  sensitive  electrical  anemometer 
shows  that  in  reality  there  were  no  absolute  calms  of  an  hour's  duration  during  the  year. 

The  hourly  wind  movements,  pages  16  to  28,  are  also  continuous  with  the  exception  of  the  last  four  days 
of  January,  when  both  anemometers  were  stopped  by  ice.  A  few  other  breaks  in  the  Draper  record,  besides  the 
values  for  very  low  velocities,  have  been  supplied  by  the  records  of  the  electrical  anemometer.  The  two  hours  of 
calm,  before  mentioned,  however,  remain. 

The  hourly  data  for  the  atmospheric  pressure,  pages  30  to  42,  are  complete  for  each  hour,  the  values  for 
four  scattered  hours,  missing  from  the  Draper  barograph  sheets,  having  been  interpolated.  The  figures  given  are 
the  readings,  corrected  for  temperature  and  instrumental  error,  the  latter  being  ascertained  several  times  daily, 
and  the  correction  for  each  hour  interpolated.  For  economy  in  printing  the  hourly  values,  twenty-nine  inches  is 
omitted,  unless  the  pressure  for  the  same  hour  of  the  preceding  day  is  twenty-eight  or  thirty  inches ;  and  twenty- 
nine  is  to  be  supplied  elsewhere  when  no  whole  inches  are  given.  The  double  diurnal  maxima  and  minima  are 
indicated  in  the  sums  and  means  by  heavy  and  light  faced  type. 

These  are  among  the  most  complete  hourly  values  of  wind  velocity  and  atmospheric  pressure  which  have 
been  published  for  a  few  stations  in  the  United  States. 


MAY,  1887. 


A.    LAWRENCE   ROTCH, 

Blue  Hill  Meteorological  Observatory. 


(IX) 


GENERAL    RESULTS 


OF   THE 


METEOROLOGICAL    OBSERVATIONS 


MADK   AT   THE 


BLUE    HILL    METEOROLOGICAL    OBSERVATORY, 


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s. 

s.  w. 

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s. 

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(10) 


JTJ.TSTE. 


Date. 

3.  E. 

s. 

s.  w. 

\v. 

N.  W. 

N. 

N.  E. 

!•:. 

OUm. 

Date. 

S.  E. 

8. 

s.  w. 

w. 

N.  W. 

N. 

N  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

1. 

5 

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0 

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1 

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2. 

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106 

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103 

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JULY. 


AUGUST 


Date. 

S.  E. 

8. 

s.  w. 

w. 

N.  \V. 

N. 

N.  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

Date. 

S.  E. 

s. 

s  w. 

W. 

N.W. 

N. 

N.  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

1. 

0 

3 

5 

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0 

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16 

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1 

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0 

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0 

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0 

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1 

4 

6 

7 

4 

1 

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29. 

0 

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20 

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1 

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0 

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3 

5 

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0 

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0 

15 

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2 

1 

6 

0 

0 

Sums. 

40 

148 

191 

144 

66 

61 

43 

51 

0 

Sums. 

51 

131 

144 

140 

KM; 

63 

77 

32 

0 

(11) 


SEPTEMBER. 


OCTOBER 


Date. 

S.E. 

8. 

8.  W. 

w. 

N.  W. 

N. 

N.  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

Date. 

S.E. 

s. 

s.  w. 

w. 

N.  \V. 

N. 

N.  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

1. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

15 

7 

2 

0 

1. 

0 

0 

a 

15 

0 

0 

ft 

0 

2. 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

8 

2 

2. 

0 

0 

0 

23 

1 

0 

0 

0 

8. 

0 

0 

0 

3 

2 

3 

13 

3 

8. 

0 

1 

8 

9 

ft 

4 

2 

0 

4. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

13 

11 

4. 

0 

0 

23 

1 

0          0 

ft 

0 

5. 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

7 

5. 

4 

0 

0 

2 

2 

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11 

4 

6. 

19 

4 

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0 

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1 

0. 

0 

1 

0 

0 

1 

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6 

7 

7. 

0 

5 

10 

3 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7. 

0 

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0 

0 

0 

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21 

0 

8. 

0 

0 

22 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

8. 

2 

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7 

0 

0 

3 

& 

0 

9. 

0 

9 

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0 

0 

0 

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9. 

0 

0 

0 

12 

12 

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0 

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10. 

4 

0 

0 

2 

0 

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3 

10. 

4 

2 

1 

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5 

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2 

11. 

0 

0 

7 

5 

12 

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0 

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20 

0 

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0 

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3 

14 

2 

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5 

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0 

0 

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0 

0 

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13 

11 

0 

0 

0 

13. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3 

0 

14 

7 

14. 

0 

19 

6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

14. 

10 

8 

0 

0 

ft 

0 

0 

6 

15. 

0 

2 

3 

2 

2 

0 

7 

8 

15. 

0 

8 

2 

14 

0 

0 

0 

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6 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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15 

16. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

24 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

10 

13 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

17. 

0 

5 

9 

1 

9 

ft 

0 

0 

18. 

0 

0 

2 

2 

13 

4 

2 

1 

18. 

0 

3 

5 

ft 

2 

3 

2 

9 

19. 

7 

10 

4 

0 

0 

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4 

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0 

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0 

5 

19 

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0 

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1 

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0 

0 

12 

8 

9 

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22. 

0 

3 

3 

4 

8 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

0 

13 

7 

4 

0 

0 

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5 

4 

3 

0 

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3 

5 

4 

23. 

0 

0 

0 

4 

5 

11 

4 

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0 

0 

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8 

5 

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0 

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3 

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10 

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0 

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1 

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1 

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2 

27. 

0 

0 

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11 

4 

0 

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6 

27. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

13 

11 

28. 

10 

5 

1 

0 

2 

0 

0 

6 

28. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

ft 

10 

14 

0 

29. 

0 

3 

3 

1 

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0 

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0 

0 

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0 

0 

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15 

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31. 

0 

0 

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10 

7 

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07 

99 

122 

95 

115 

49 

90 

83 

0 

Sums. 

28 

57 

141 

113 

83 

08 

177 

70 

ft 

NOVEMBER. 


DECEMBER. 


Date. 

S.  K. 

s 

8.  W. 

w. 

N.  W. 

N. 

N.  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

Date. 

S.E 

s. 

s.  w. 

w. 

N.  W. 

N. 

N  E. 

E. 

Calm. 

1. 

2 

0 

0 

1 

7 

14 

0 

0 

1. 

2 

1 

0 

15 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2. 

4 

3 

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0 

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11 

4 

2 

2. 

0 

3 

5 

16 

0 

0 

0 

0 

3. 

0 

24 

0 

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0 

0 

0 

0 

3. 

0 

0 

0 

20 

4 

0 

0 

0 

4. 

0 

8 

1 

3 

12 

0 

0 

0 

4. 

0 

0 

0 

2 

22 

0 

0 

0 

5. 

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0 

0 

5. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

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24 

0 

0 

6. 

0 

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5 

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0 

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6. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

10 

8 

0 

7. 

2 

5 

2 

15 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7. 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

17 

7 

0 

8. 

0 

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0 

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0 

0 

0 

0 

8. 

0 

0 

0 

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7 

1 

0 

0 

9. 

0 

0 

9 

15 

0 

0 

0 

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9. 

0 

0 

0 

12 

9 

1 

2 

0 

10. 

1 

1 

15 

4 

1 

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0 

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10. 

1 

3 

15 

0 

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1 

11. 

0 

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0 

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12 

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12. 

0 

0 

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2 

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3 

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8 

12. 

0 

0 

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0 

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13 

13. 

0 

0 

0 

4 

5 

6 

6 

5 

18. 

0 

0 

1 

0 

1 

7 

14 

1 

14. 

0 

0 

0 

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0 

14. 

0 

0 

4 

20 

0 

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0 

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15. 

0 

0 

0 

20 

4 

0 

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0 

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0 

0 

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19 

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0 

0 

0 

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10 

12 

0 

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17. 

5 

10 

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17. 

0 

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14 

10 

0 

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18. 

0 

14 

3 

7 

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0 

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3 

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10 

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0 

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0 

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0 

0 

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0 

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21. 

0 

0 

14 

4 

0 

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22. 

0 

0 

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3 

15 

1 

3 

2 

22. 

0 

3 

8 

10 

3 

0 

0 

0 

23. 

13 

3 

7 

0 

0 

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8 

2 

0 

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1 

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4 

1 

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0 

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8 

16 

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October  . 

Novembt 

Decembe 

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(42) 


TRACINGS 


FROM    TIIK 


SELF-RECORDING    INSTRUMENTS, 


TO   LLLUSTKATE   CKUTAIN 


METEOROLOGICAL    PHENOMENA 


DURING   THE 


YEAR     1886. 


THE  tracings  on  Plates  Nos.  1  and  1  A  show  the  barometer  corrected  to  32°  Fahrenheit.  This  correction 
is  made  automatically  by  the  barograph.  Plates  Nos.  4  and  5  give  the  relative  humidities  in  percentages 
of  saturation. 

Curve  1,  Plate  No.  1  A,  shows  the  barograph  trace  on  Jan.  9,  during  a  remarkable  cyclonic  storm 
which,  moving  northeastward  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  apparently  passed  centrally  over  this  station,  and  the 
barometer  reached  the  lowest  point  yet  recorded.  Plate  No.  (!  shows  the  tracing  of  the  Draper  anemograph 
on  this  day.  The  lull  in  the  wind  in  the  middle  of  the  day  was  coincident  with  or  immediately  preceded 
the  passage  of  the  cyclone  centre,  as  well  as  can  be  determined  from  synoptic  charts  ;  but  this  lull  preceded 
the  occurrence  of  the  minimum  pressure  recorded  at  this  station  by  nearly  two  hours.  Plate  No.  7  shows  the 
changes  in  wind  direction  during  this  cyclone.  The  sinuous  line  on  this  plate  was  traced  through  the  centre 
of  the  oscillations  of  the  wind  vane,  as  shown  on  the  original  anemoscope  sheet.  (The  vane  is  never  steady 
during  high  winds,  but  continuously  oscillates,  first  to  one  side,  then  to  the  other,  making  a  broad  trace  on  the 
anemoscope  sheet.)  The  results  of  a  special  study  of  this  cyclone  are  given  by  Prof.  Upton  in  the  American 
Meteorological  Journal,  Vol.  III.,  No.  8. 

Curve  2,  Plate  No.  1,  shows  the  tracing  of  the  barograph  on  the  morning  of  Feb.  27,  during  one  of  the 
severest  gales  on  record.  The  -sharp  depression  at  10.20  A.  M.  was  coincident  with  the  opening  of  a  trap  door 
in  the  top  of  the  tower,  and  the  other  less  marked  sharp  depressions  were  noted  by  the  observer  as  being 
coincident  with  severe  gusts  of  wind.  The  pressure  gauge  shows  the  pressure  during  some  of  the  gusts  to 
have  been  over  forty  pounds  per  square  foot,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  velocity  of  about  90  miles  per  hour. 
The  total  wind  movement  for  the  day  was  1,467  miles.  The  barograph  tracing  is  but  a  sample  of  what 
occurred  in  a  less  marked  degree  during  all  of  the  severe  gales  of  the  year.  (For  further  information,  see 
Science,  Vol.  VIII.,  page  325.) 

Curve  3,  Plate  No.  1  A,  shows  the  barograph  trace  during  four  hours,  ending  at  3  A.  M.,  of  March  22. 
There  was  also  a  slight  upward  swell  of  the  temperature  curve  during  these  hours.  An  inappreciable  quantity 
of  snow  fell,  and  bright  Hashes  of  lightning  were  seen  about  1  A.  M.,  but  no  thunder  was  heard.  Severe  thunder- 
storms were,  however,  reported  from  distant  points  on  this  night.  The  wind  suddenly  backed  for  a  brief  interval 
from  northeast  to  west  at  12.15  A.  M.,  then,  returning  to  northeast,  slowly  backed  during  the  night  to  west.  A 
decided  decrease  in  wind  velocity  between  12.30  and  2  A.  M.  accompanied  the  rise  in  pressure. 

Curves  1,  Plates  Nos.  2  and  4,  show  tracings  of  the  thermograph  and  self-recording  hygrometer,  respec- 
tively, from  10  A.  M.  to  12  M.  of  April  7.  The  sudden  rise  in  temperature  and  fall  in  humidity  at  11.20  A.  M. 
was  coincident  with  a  brief  clearing  of  the  sky  near  the  zenith  and  the  appearance  of  the  sun,  the  observatory 
during  the  rest  of  the  day  being  enveloped  in  a  dense  fog.  Accompanying  these  phenomena,  there  was  a  sudden 
shift  of  the  wind  from  southwest  to  north.  Similar  appearances  of  sunshine  during  the  year  did  not  produce 
similar  effects  on  the  temperature  and  humidity,  and  it  is  suggested  that  in  this  case  the  phemomena  may 
have  arisen  from  a  brief,  local  descending  current  of  air. 

Curves  2,  Plates  Nos.  2  and  4,  show  the  sudden  fall  of  temperature  and  sudden  rise  of  humidity  which 
accompanied  a  thunder-storm  between  4.45  and  6.20  P.  M.  of  May  5.  There  was  also  a  slight  rise  of  the  baro- 
graph curve.  The  wind  suddenly  shifted  from  south  to  northwest  at  4.45  P.  M.,  after  which  it  slowly  backed 
again  to  south.  No  noticeable  change  in  wind  velocity  occurred.  Rain  fell  from  4.45  to  8.40  P.  M.,  and  amounted 
to  0.42  inch.  Curve  1,  Plate  No.  8,  shows  the  tracing  of  the  self-recording  rain  gauge  during  the  time. 

Curves  4,  Plate  No.  1  A,  3,  Plates  Nos.  2  and  4,  show  the  tracings  of  the  barograph,  thermograph,  and 
hygrometer,  respectively,  between  3  and  6  A.  M.  of  May  31.  Thunder  was  first  heard  on  this  morning  about 
3  A.  M.  Eain  began  at  4.15,  and  ended  at  5.20  A.  M.,  and  0.35  inch  fell.  Curve  2,  Plate  No.  8,  shows  the 
tracing  of  the  self-recording  rain  gauge.  The  wind  suddenly  shifted  from  west  to  north  at  3.30  A.  M.,  then 
returned  to  west  at  4  A.  M.,  but  again  shifted  to  north  at  5  A.  M.  The  wind  velocity  decreased  both  before  and 
after  the  storm,  but  blew  with  a  velocity  of  about  twenty-five  miles  per  hour  from  the  north  during  the  storm. 

Curves  4,  Plates  Nos.  2  and  4,  show  the  tracings  of  the  thermograph  and  hygrometer  on  June  10  between 
7  and  10  P.  M.,  during  which  time  a  light  thunder-shower  passed  over  the  observatory.  The  clouds  attending 
this  shower  were  broken  and  not  well  developed.  There  was  an  outspreading  top,  but  no  cirrus  fringe.  About 
0.10  inch  of  rain  fell,  most  of  which  came  in  a  sudden  down-pour  between  8.5  and  8.10  p.  M.  See  curve  3, 
Plate  No.  9.  During  the  storm  the  wind  veered  from  northeast  to  southwest,  and  there  was  an  increase  in 
velocity  at  7.55  p.  M.,  lasting  about  five  minutes.  Thunder  was  not  heard  until  the  rain  had  nearly  ceased,  but 
continued  for  about  half  an  hour  as  the  storm  passed  to  the  east,  apparently  increasing  in  intensity. 

Curve  5,  Plate  No.  1,  shows  the  tracing  of  the  barograph  between  2  and  4  A.  M.,  July  30,  during  which 
time  a  thunder-storm  passed  over  the  observatory,  attended  by  a  most  brilliant  and  almost  continuous  display  of 

(44) 


lightning  and  loud  thunder.  Several  houses  in  the  neighboring  towns  were  set  on  fire  by  the  lightning.  0.10 
inch  of  rain  fell ;  most  of  it,  as  shown  by  the  self-recording  rain  gauge  in  Plate  No.  9,  curve  4,  fell  between 
2.45  and  2.50  A.  M.  The  wind  veered  from  southwest  to  northwest  during  the  passage  of  the  storm,  and  backed 
to  south  after  the  storm  passed.  There  was  a  slight  decrease  in  wind  velocity  for  a  short  while  preceding  and 
following  the  storm,  and  a  decided  increase  during  its  passage.  Both  the  temperature  and  humidity  were  high, 
and  showed  no  marked  changes  during  the  passage  of  the  storm. 

Curves  6,  Plate  No.  1  A,  5  (dotted),  Plate  No.  2,  and  5,  Plate  No.  5,  show  the  tracings  of  the  barograph, 
thermograph,  and  hygrometer,  between  3  and  6  p.  M.  of  Aug.  12.  A  thunder-storm  passed  over  the  observatory 
immediately  after  4  p.  M.,  attended  by  a  heavy  shower  of  rain  and  a  little  hail.  Almost  the  whole  of  the  rain 
(0.42  inch)  fell  in  a  rapid  down-pour,  lasting  from  4.05  to  4.25  P.  M.  See  tracing  of  the  self-recording  gauge, 
curve  5,  Plate  No.  9.  The  wind  oscillated  between  north  and  west  during  the  passage  of  the  storm,  and  blew 
with  a  decidedly  increased  velocity  from  4.15  to  4.20  P.  M. 

Plate  No.  3  shows  some  inversions  of  temperature  between  the  summit  and  base  of  the  hill.  Curve  1 
shows  the  tracing  of  the  thermograph  at  the  summit  from  noon  of  Aug.  22  to  noon  of  Aug.  23.  Curve  2 
(dotted)  shows  the  tracing  of  a  Draper  thermograph  at  the  base,  or  rather  on  the  slope  of  the  hill,  four  hundred 
feet  beneath  the  summit.  The  time  scale  of  this  latter  tracing  is  enlarged  to  make  it  correspond  with  the  tracing 
at  the  summit.  It  is  seen  that  the  temperature  was  higher  at  the  base  during  the  day  and  decidedly  lower  at 
night.  The  temperature  at  the  base  continued  to  fall  until  sunrise  of  the  23d,  while  at  the  summit  it  rose  after 

11  P.  M.  of  the  22d.     This  inversion  occurred  on  an  unusually  clear,  quiet  night,  and  is   a  marked  example  of 
what  almost   invariably  occurs  on   such  nights.      (For  further  information  see   Science,  Vol.  VIII.,   pp.    233 
and  281.)' 

In  a  similar  manner  curves  3  and  4  (dotted)  show  the  tracings  of  the  thermographs  at  the  summit 
and  at  the  base  of  the  hill,  respectively,  from  11  A.  M.  of  Nov.  17  to  noon  of  Nov.  18.  It  is  seen  that  the  tem- 
perature at  the  summit  rose  continuously,  while  the  temperature  at  the  base  fell  from  1  p.  M.  of  the  17th  to  near 
3  A.  M.  of  the  18th,  when  it  was  20°  lower  than  at  the  summit.  This  was  caused  by  the  not  uncommon  occur- 
rence of  a  flow  of  cold  northerly  winds  around  the  base,  while  a  strong  southerly  wind  prevailed  at  the  summit. 
At  10  P.  M.  of  the  17th  the  wind  was  blowing  three  miles  per  hour  from  the  northwest  at  the  Boston  Signal 
Office,  which  is  ten  miles  north  of  Blue  Hill  Observatory,  and  about  five  hundred  feet  lower;  while  on  Blue  Hill 
it  was  blowing  at  the  rate  of  twenty-eight  miles  an  hour  from  the  south.  Reports  from  other  stations  show  that 
this  thin  cool  northerly  current  overspread  the  whole  of  New  England,  and  was  accompanied  by  a  dense  fog. 
Between  3  and  4  p.  M.  of  the  17th  these  two  currents  were  fighting  for  the  mastery  at  the  summit  of  Blue  Hill, 
and  its  effects  are  seen  on  the  thermograph  curve  and  on  the  hygrometer  curve,  9,  Plate  No.  5.  During  this 
time  a  cool,  damp,  foggy  current  would  roll  in,  lasting  five  or  ten  minutes ;  then  it  would  be  displaced  by  a 
warmer  current  from  the  south  lasting  about  the  same  interval.  This  alternate  action  lasted  over  half  an  hour, 
after  which  the  southerly  current  remained  permanently. 

Curve  6,  Plate  No.  4,  shows  a  marked  example  of  the  rapid  fall  in  humidity  which  usually  follows  the 
passage  of  a  storm.  Curve  6,  Plate  No.  2,  shows  the  temperature  during  this  interval.  These  curves  are  from 
tracings  of  the  hygrometer  and  thermograph  from  !>  A.  M.  to  3  p.  M.  of  Sept.  24.  Curve  7,  Plate  No.  5,  which 
exhibits  the  tracing  of  the  hygrometer  from  7  A.  M.  to  noon  of  Nov.  4,  shows  another  marked  example  of  the 
rapid  fall  of  humidity  immediately  following  the  passage  of  the  line  of  minimum  pressure  in  a  storm. 

Curves  7,  Plates  Nos.  1  and  2,  show  the  tracings  of  the  barograph  and  thermograph  during  the  passage 
of  a  thunder-storm  on  Nov.  6.  Rain  fell  continuously  from  noon  to  4.30  P.  M.  of  this  date,  ending  with  a 
thunder-storm  which  passed  over  to  the  east.  There  was  a  slight  increase  in  wind  velocity  during  the  passage  of 
the  storm,  but  no  marked  change  in  direction. 

Curves  8,  on  Plates  Nos.  1  A,  2,  and  5,  show  the  tracings  of  the  barograph,  thermograph,  and  hygrometer, 
respectively,  on  the  early  morning  of  Nov.  7,  when  a  thunder-storm  of  moderate  intensity  passed  over  the 
observatory.  The  wind  oscillated  between  southeast  and  southwest  during  the  night,  and  slightly  increased  in 
velocity  for  a  short  while  about  4  A.  M.  Heavy  rain  fell  from  midnight  to  4  A.  M. 

Curve  9,  Plate  No.  2,  shows'  a  rapid  rise  in  temperature  which  was  coincident  with  the  occurrence  of  the 
time  of  minimum  pressure  in  a  storm  which,  moving  northeasterly  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  passed  centrally  over 
this  region  about  9  p.  M.  of  Nov.  25.  Curve  9,  Plate  No.  1,  shows  the  fall  of  the  barometer  on  this  date  from 

12  M.  to  11  P.  M.     This  curve  shows  small    wave-like  oscillations  which  are    not   uncommonly  shown  by  the 
barograph  curve  at  this  observatory. 

Curve  10,  Plate  No.  1  A,  gives  a  rather  striking  example  of  these  short  wave-like  undulations  which 
occurred  between  7  A.  M.  and  noon  of  Dec.  7.  The  cause  of  these  undulations  is  not  clearly  understood,  since 
they  cannot  be  directly  connected  with  changes  of  the  wind  velocity,  or  with  any  of  the  meteorological  elements. 

H.    HELM   CLAYTON. 

(45) 


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ANEMOSCOPE. 

DIRECTION  OF  THE  WIND  AT  BLUE  HILL.NORFOLK  CO, MASS. 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


